western leaders perspective on the white man's burden

(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). View Copy of White Man's Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. In mid 1899,Lifepublished this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Competency (trait) perspective. Having purchased the Philippines from Spain per the Treaty of Paris for $20 million, the Americans then had to fight Filipino resisters to benevolent assimilation. The Philippine-American War dragged on with a large number of Filipino fatalities, shocking Americans unused to foreign wars. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. Thus, under the Here lies (Hic jacet) on each gravestone, we see generic names coupled with places of origin extending from England to Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt. Mans Burden, in the caption to thisLifecover published shortly after Kiplings poem. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. The word Civilization (with a capital C), alongside Progress, was counterposed against the words barbarism, barbarians, and barbarity, with accompanying visual stereotypes. SHARE. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. Europeans, this reads, Pour the Blessings of Their Culture over the Globe.. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress,Puckon occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. Appelbaum, Stanley. 83-108 (2006). 12, Issue 1, pp. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons inPuckandJudge. W. H. P. Signs of Promise., Jones, Toby Craig. An exclamation point was added to the phrase, The White (!) Several of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. The anti-imperialistLifemagazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. The caption again ironically quotes an Official Report to the War Office that praises the British soldiers bravery in the face of a fierce enemy, in this case women and children: The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of Boers., Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp). Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility.. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China(Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Mott, Frank Luther. TexasandU.S.S. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. 2. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. [Read Online]. And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. In order to fully get along in society, indigenous populations had to assimilate to the colonists culture and many times abandon their own. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. The artist George Benjamin Luts offered an exceptionally scathing rendering of the linkage of conquest, commerce, and censorship in an 1899 cartoon titled The Way We Get the War News: The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. Published in a short-lived radical periodical,The Verdict, the cartoon shows a war correspondent in chains, writing his story under the direction of military brass. T he two main themes in The White Mans Burden are the duty and altruism of colonization, and the challenge of colonization. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. For publication of Global Research articles in print or other forms including commercial internet sites, contact: [emailprotected]. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa and Asia. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember theMaine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of theMainewas appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. China in Convulsion. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909., Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US., Faunce, Rev. Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,The AsiaPacific Journal, Vol. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. Smith, Arthur Henderson. Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue ofPuck. 730-735 (2008). Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. Includes bibliographical references and index. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? BritanniaDaughter! The poem The White Mans Burden was written by Rudyard Kipling partly as an appeal for the United States to intervene in the Philippines and transform the islands into This freedom would involve the whites colonizing other territories to further the interests of their homeland and at the same time, civilize these areas. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race.International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. Generic names on the gravestones are coupled with places of origin, including England, Scotland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Gibraltar, India, Ceylon, and Egypt, indicating the diversity of those recruited to fight and die for the British Empire. The Real White Mans Burden was published in 1902, after the Spanish-American war and it is a satire of another poem by British author Rudyard Kipling - The White Mans Burden. Vebers series, Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal, begins with the cover image Le Silence, in which a veiled woman holds her finger to her lips, standing over the remnants of what appears to be an electric fence and a plow that suggests the earth has been tilled to bury evidence. They laud substandard leaders because it is how people are ruled in Africa. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: Its all a matter of perspective. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. TheLifecartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. 11, Issue 40, No. The world view that Rudyard Kipling and other proponents of colonialism believed in was one in which the white man was the guardian and protector of the planet and its people. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. Silence). She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. Facebook. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. George Benjamin Luts,The Verdict, August 21, 1899. And the third was the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China in 18991901, which led to military intervention by no less than eight foreign nations including not only Tsarist Russia and the Western powers, but also Japan. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. While he originally wrote the poem to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. By contrast, with the exception of Sudan, the burden Britain bears reflects backward older cultures that look forward to civilization or back, condescendingly, at those people, cultures, and societies deemed even closer than they to barbarism. Both visually and textually, the white mans burden was steeped in derision of non-white, non-Western, non-Christian others. Brewer, Susan. In an 1898 two-page spread inPuck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. The rays of the sun shine over Uncle Sam and John Bull, who clasp hands in a renewed Anglo-American alliance of Kindred Interests rooted in the English Tongue. Warships on the horizon ground their mission in naval power. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Revell, 1904). The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. Vol 172 (February 1901). The full sardonic irony of the rendering, however, resides in the dead occupants of the graves. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. "'The White Man's Burden' and Its Critics" Jim Zwick is an American Studies scholar and author of Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League and Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, as well as numerous book chapters and journal and magazine articles about the Anti-Imperialist In contradiction to the western white mans burden narrative, both Bush and Blair presided over torture programs victimising Muslim people-of-colour. This superiority, obviously leads to a moral responsibility of the superior to uplift and civilize the inferior. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain., Spencer, David R. No Laughing Matter. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). 4, pp. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900,view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). Kipling was a white supremascist and wrote The White Mans Burden urging the United States to take up the burden of civilizing savage peoples alongside other European powers. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built,U.S.S. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Perspectives . The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. No quarter will be given! Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. Cohen, Paul A. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. Long May It Wave. Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines., Cullinane, M. Patrick. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. 4). The conspicuously larger size of Britannias big guns inPucks cartoon reflects Englands leading role in imperial conquest. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, In this rendering, progresseconomic, technological, and culturalis spread through global military aggression. Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page, Disclaimer: The contents of this article are of sole responsibility of the author(s). According to Kipling, European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized places. The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. William H. Walker,Life, April 25, 1901. Accusations of atrocities against civilians on the ten-day march to Beijing were made in first-hand accounts of the mission. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). In September 1901, the French artist Jean Veber used the pages ofLAssiette au Beurreto call attention to one of the often-forgotten ironies of the mystique of the white mans burden. His cartoon, depicting a vast field of flat stone grave markers, carried the simple caption United Kingdom (Le Royaume-Uni). How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of theLifecartoon, A Red-Letter Day. Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino mansympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirtis questioned by a clergyman. The addition of an exclamation point in the caption, The White (!) One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled Education and Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. May 26, 2022. msotristate is ambiguous in the namespace 'microsoft office core. Civilization (to China). This special issue illustrated by Thophile Steinlen comprises a particularly gruesome mural depicting the bloodshed of contemporary colonial wars in Turkey, China, and Africa. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. Uncle Sam was portrayed both with youthful energy and as a paternal older figure straining to follow in John Bulls footsteps as he took up the White Mans Burden., After Many Years: The Great Rapprochement.
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