The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. Science offers a largely unexplored hinterland for the pioneer who has the tools for his task. While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. Science, the Endless Frontier 1945 Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office 184 A Report to the President. We do not know yet how we shall reach that goal, but it is certain that it can be achieved only by releasing the full creative and productive energies of the American people. One of the most important factors affecting the amount of industrial research is the income-tax law. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. With the exception of those men engaged in war research, all physically fit students at graduate level have been taken into the armed forces. Clearly the program should grow in a healthy manner from modest beginnings. Has PDF. PUB L I C. VA L U E. SCIE NCE SCIE NCE. During the nineteenth century the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Naval Observatory, the Department of Agriculture, and the Geological Survey were established. A second offers that basic research discoveries will be converted via technology transfer to become powerful drivers of technological innovation. The death rate for all diseases in the Army, including the overseas forces, has been reduced from 14.1 per thousand in the last war to 0.6 per thousand in this war. We have no national policy for science. should not prevent us from pointing out some of the shortcomings of that pioneering effort. Where will these new products come from? Division of Scientific Personnel and Education. Functions. The development of such materials and methods to the point at which they become available to medical practitioners requires teamwork involving the medical schools, the science departments of universities, Government and the pharmaceutical industry. The mobilization of science behind the lines is aiding the fighting men at the front to win the war and to shorten it; and it has resulted incidentally in the accumulation of a vast amount of experience and knowledge of the application of science to particular problems, much of which can be put to use when the war is over. I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. As a temporary measure the National Academy of Sciences has established the Research Board for National Security at the request of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. To make contracts or grants for the conduct of research by negotiation without advertising for bids. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. Appropriations should be earmarked for the purposes of specific Divisions, but the Foundation should be left discretion with respect to the expenditure of each Division's funds. and instead cite the study itself. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. To meet and function at any place within the United States, its territories and possessions. 6. International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. SCIENCE, THE ENDLESS FRONTIER AT 75. Interestingly, this . It is inhibited by conventional approaches, traditions, and standards. It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. Unit 2702, NUO Centre . The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE
Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research Vannevar Bush Normal Science Foundation, 1945 - 220 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't. Membership of the Division of National Defense should include, in addition to, say, five civilian members, one representative designated by the Secretary of War, and one representative of the Secretary of the Navy, who should serve without additional compensation for this duty. Special Authority. However, the job of long-range research involving application of the newest scientific discoveries to military needs should be the responsibility of those civilian scientists in the universities and in industry who are best trained to discharge it thoroughly and successfully. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. For example, the National Research Foundation should be authorized by legislation to make, modify, or amend contracts of all kinds with or without legal consideration, and without performance bonds. 2021. Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. The most important single factor in scientific and technical work is the quality of the personnel employed. United States If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice . Copy link Link copied. This should be corrected by building up the weaker institutions, especially in regions which now have no strong medical research activities. There are some notable exceptions, it is true, but even in such cases it is rarely possible to match the universities in respect to the freedom which is so important to scientific discovery. At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. Research Impact Series:Understanding Research Metrics. * * * So in the last analysis, the future of science in this country will be determined by our basic educational policy.". Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 Division of Natural Sciences. He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. We all know how much the new drug, penicillin, has meant to our grievously wounded men on the grim battlefronts of this war -- the countless lives it has saved -- the incalculable suffering which its use has prevented. In addition a flow of scientific information constitutes one facet of general international accord which should be cultivated. Notable advances have been made in the early diagnosis of cancer, and in the surgical and radiation treatment of the disease. Using the citation data from 45 million manuscripts and 3.9 million patents, the researchers calculated a measure of disruptiveness, called the 'CD index', in which values ranged from -1 for the least . To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. The study of the momentous questions presented in President Roosevelt's letter has been made by able committees working diligently. Many of the most important discoveries have come as a result of experiments undertaken with very different purposes in mind. Cite this article . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. Since research does not fall within the category of normal commercial or procurement operations which are easily covered by the usual contractual relations, it is essential that certain statutory and regulatory fiscal requirements be waived in the case of research contractors. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. While there will always be the rare individual who will rise to the top without benefit of formal education and training, he is the exception and even he might make a more notable contribution if he had the benefit of the best education we have to offer. The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform.
We should also get it to the men studying overseas so that they will know what has happened in their absence. Office of scientific rese. Science Is a Proper Concern of Government. This is the American way: a man works for what he gets.". Much of the impetus for a paradigm shift in U.S. research policy and funding comes from the PRC's efforts to boost its companies and research capacity. It is chiefly in these institutions that scientists may work in an atmosphere which is relatively free from the adverse pressure of convention, prejudice, or commercial necessity. For reasons presented in this report we are entering a period when science needs and deserves increased support from public funds. To adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the legislation and the policies and practices of the Foundation. The recommendations in this report which relate to research within the Government, to the release of scientific information, to clarification of the tax laws, and to the recovery and development of our scientific talent now in uniform can be implemented by action within the existing structure of the Government. The form is important. "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. Separation of the sciences in tight compartments, as would occur if more than one agency were involved, would retard and not advance scientific knowledge as a whole. The history of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the exercise of initiative. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. VI. There has been dramatic progress in surgery. Several hundred articles have appeared in the professional journals; many are in process of publication. Biddle Law Library The . Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. S.P., 4.5 x 3.25 in. "Speaker Nancy Pelosi, "Vannevar Bushs prescient report launched the modern scientific enterprise, spurred by generous government investment. (2010). If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. To obtain and utilize the services of other Government agencies to the extent that such agencies are prepared to render such services. But to achieve these objectives -- to secure a high level of employment, to maintain a position of world leadership -- the flow of new scientific knowledge must be both continuous and substantial. It cannot be satisfactorily conducted in an atmosphere where it is gauged and tested by operating or production standards. by Richard C. Atkinson Publication Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation, 1980 Note "July 1945." "Reprinted as part of the thirtieth anniversary observation of the National Science Foundation, 1950-1980"--Cover Putting together Science, the Endless Frontier 75 years ago, Vannevar Bush drew on his experience during World War II, but proposed something entirely novela federal agency with a unique structure that would fund university research to meet broad national needs. These areas -- such as research on military problems, agriculture, housing, public health, certain medical research, and research involving expensive capital facilities beyond the capacity of private institutions -- should be advanced by active Government support. In the last 40 years life expectancy in the United States has increased from 49 to 65 years largely as a consequence of the reduction in the death rates of infants and children; in the last 20 years the death rate from the diseases of childhood has been reduced 87 percent. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. But basic research is essentially noncommercial in nature. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. It is in keeping with the American tradition -- one which has made the United States great -- that new frontiers shall be made accessible for development by all American citizens. Industry is only to a limited extent a source of funds for basic medical research. But they have been diverted to a greater extent than is generally appreciated from the search for answers to the fundamental problems -- from the search on which human welfare and progress depends. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. Further progress requires that the entire front of medicine and the underlying sciences of chemistry, physics, anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, bacteriology, pathology, parasitology, etc., be broadly developed. Science: The endless frontier. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. Such an agency should furnish the funds needed to support basic research in the colleges and universities, should coordinate where possible research programs on matters of utmost importance to the national welfare, should formulate a national policy for the Government toward science, should sponsor the interchange of scientific information among scientists and laboratories both in this country and abroad, and should ensure that the incentives to research in industry and the universities are maintained. While we are concerned primarily with methods of selecting and educating high school graduates at the college and higher levels, we cannot be complacent about the loss of potential talent which is inherent in the present situation. In the future we must pay increased attention to discovering this knowledge for ourselves particularly since the scientific applications of the future will be more than ever dependent upon such basic knowledge. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Optimizing the level of renewable electric R&D expenditures using real options . Oxford OX2 6JX Horgan is a prolific author and columnist for Scientific American, whose interview subjects included a list of scientists who might be seen as the most disruptive crew of the last three . There is, however, a very real need for some measure of coordination of the common scientific activities of these agencies, both as to policies and budgets, and at present no such means exist. At the outset these Divisions should be: 2. Recommendation of arrangements with State and local authorities in regard to cooperation in a program of science scholarships and fellowships. Available as III. In retrospect: ScienceThe endless frontier. In 1939 millions of people were employed in industries which did not even exist at the close of the last war -- radio, air conditioning, rayon and other synthetic fibers, and plastics are examples of the products of these industries. While there must be increased emphasis on science in the future training of officers for both the Army and Navy, such men cannot be expected to be specialists in scientific research. Adherence to the usual procedures in the case of research contracts will impair the efficiency of research operations and will needlessly increase the cost of the work of the Government. The extent and nature of these new responsibilities are set forth in detail in the reports of the committees whose recommendations in this regard are fully endorsed. There is one other matter which requires special mention. Science only lives, and progresses, when the status quo is regularly attacked, and disrupted. Scientific progress. Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. Science--the endless frontier : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research, by Vannevar Bush ; introd. Basically there is no reason to believe that scientists of other countries will not in time rediscover everything we now know which is held in secrecy. The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. Since research is unlike the procurement of standardized items, which are susceptible to competitive bidding on fixed specifications, the legislation creating the National Research Foundation should free the Foundation from the obligation to place its contracts for research through advertising for bids. 13 13. 3. Progress in combating disease depends upon an expanding body of new scientific knowledge. In some cases coordinated direct attack on special problems may be made by teams of investigators, supplementing similar attacks carried on by the Army, Navy, Public Health Service, and other organizations. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Risk of bias assessment. Directions. February 9-17-24, 2021 L . . This proposal is certainly worthy of further study. A large fraction of these deaths in our civilian population cut short the useful lives of our citizens. 7. Directions, Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. Language English Pages 184 Research will always suffer when put in competition with operations. They should be persons of broad interest in and understanding of the peculiarities of scientific research and education. Scientific Progress Is Essential. But these things do not mark the end of progress -- they are but the beginning if we make full use of our scientific resources. Satisfactory progress in basic science seldom occurs under conditions prevailing in the normal industrial laboratory. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. Download PDF Download All Download JPEG 2000 Download Text. ", * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, "The uses to which high ability in youth can be put are various and, to a large extent, are determined by social pressures and rewards. Notable examples are found within the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, and the Federal Security Agency. . Science is fundamentally a unitary thing. The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. . To permit the release of information by one agency and to continue to restrict it elsewhere would be unfair in its effect and would tend to impair the morale and efficiency of scientists who have submerged individual interests in the controls and restrictions of war. The answer is clear. Science: The Endless Frontier | U.S. Government Bookstore Skip to main content Browse All Topics 50% OFF GPOverstock SALE Business & Economics GPOverstock Sale Congress GPOverstock Sale Consumer GPOverstock Sale Education & Libraries GPOverstock Sale Emergency Response GPOverstock Sale Environment & Nature GPOverstock Sale This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. FLASH SALE -Enjoy 70% off this weeks featured collection. It should be drafted with great care. E-Book Overview. Advances in science will also bring higher standards of living, will lead to the prevention or cure of diseases, will promote conservation of our limited national resources, and will assure means of defense against aggression. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. Effects of Mobilization of Science for War. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. Thanks to the wise provision of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, most of the results of war-time medical research have been published. Citations (33) References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content . 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