There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments and among many ethnic groups. )$56.827 billion (2020 est. "Laos agrees to voluntary repatriation of refugees in Thailand", U.P.I., 5 June 1991. [53] In 1979, there were 50,000 PAVN troops stationed in Laos and as many as 6,000 civilian Vietnamese officials including 1,000 directly attached to the ministries in Vientiane. The government appears committed to raising the country's profile among foreign investors and has developed special economic zones replete with generous tax incentives, but a limited labor pool, a small domestic market, and corruption remain impediments to investment. At the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, Laos is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and southwest. By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos. [182] Its national football team is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and of the ASEAN Football Federation. [15][16] Laos has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia and Pacific's fastest growing economies by the World Bank with annual GDP growth averaging 7.4% since 2009. In a 23 October 1995 National Review article, Michael Johns, the former Heritage Foundation foreign policy expert and Republican White House aide, labelled the Hmong's repatriation a Clinton administration "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defense of American geopolitical interests". ), 40.726 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Typically, SEZs grant China multi-decade leases to develop the land. In the case of Boten, Laos agreed to a 90-year land-lease deal with China. Also like in Cambodia, such agreements give the impression that Laos is becoming, or is already, a semi-colony of China. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to the present-day Thai province of Nan in 1373,[31] where he died. )investment in fixed capital: 30.9% (2017 est. Sticky rice is generally preferred over jasmine rice, and sticky rice cultivation and production is thought to have originated in Laos. ), total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est. [145], In the central and southern mountains, Mon-Khmer-speaking groups, known as Lao Theung or mid-slope Laotians, predominate. WebThe Kingdom of Laos is a Puppet State of Japan located west of the Imperial State of Vietnam, North of the Kingdom of Cambodia, West of the Kingdom of Siam and South [90][91][92][93] The Thai foreign ministry has said that it will halt deportation of Hmong refugees held in Detention Centres in Nong Khai, while talks are underway to resettle them in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States. From 1975 to 1996, the United States resettled some 250,000 Lao refugees from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong. [45] When Japan surrendered, some Lao nationalists (including Prince Phetsarath) declared Laotian independence, but by early-1946, French troops had reoccupied the country and conferred limited autonomy on Laos. Let's say that Thailand, being inspired by Russia's recent moves towards Ukraine, decides that Laos is a fake country that deserves to be reunified with the Thai motherland. Laos used to be a part of Thailand and the Lao and Thai languages are mutually intelligible. So, Thailand decides to invade Laos. It is a hand-woven silk skirt that can identify the woman who wears it in a variety of ways. )male: 53.3% (2020 est. ), total subscriptions: 4.1 million (2020 est. Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam, total: 236,800 sq kmland: 230,800 sq kmwater: 6,000 sq km, about twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly larger than Utah, total: 5,274 kmborder countries (5): Burma 238 km; Cambodia 555 km; China 475 km; Thailand 1,845 km; Vietnam 2,161 km, tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April), mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus, highest point: Phu Bia 2,817 mlowest point: Mekong River 70 mmean elevation: 710 m, timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones, agricultural land: 10.6% (2018 est. [63], Laos is divided into 17 provinces (khoueng) and one prefecture (kampheng nakhon), which includes the capital city Vientiane (Nakhon Louang Viangchan). )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 2.53% (2021 est. [141] The authorities in Laos have recently developed an innovative regulatory framework for publicprivate partnership contracts signed with small enterprises, in parallel with more conventional regulation of state-owned water enterprises. Lao People's Democratic Republic", Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia, "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? Calculating U.S. [143], The term "Laotian" does not necessarily refer to the Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs. )8,679.409 (2019 est. Although some accusations of forced repatriation were denied,[82] thousands of Hmong people refused to return to Laos. [63] There is a distinct rainy season from May to October, followed by a dry season from November to April. WikiMatrix In spite of war in this tiny landlocked kingdom of Laos, the angel flying in midheaven keeps the door open for the message of the Kingdom to be sounded. According to linguistic and other historical evidence, Tai-speaking tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from Guangxi sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. It has a basic, but improving, road system, and limited external and internal land-line telecommunications. A former country in Southeast Asia (official name). Other carriers serving the country include Bangkok Airways, Vietnam Airlines, AirAsia, Thai Airways and China Eastern Airlines. Major festivals include Lao New Year celebrated around 1315 April and involves a water festival similar but more subdued than that of Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. It has failed to qualify for the FIFA World Cup or the AFC Asian Cup, but has participated in minor competitions like the AFC Solidarity Cup and the AFF Championship. )3.32% (2019 est.). [171], As of 2018, Laos has three theatres dedicated to showing films.[172]. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the illegal drug trade and were of non-Lao origin. [144], Laos's population was estimated at 7.45million in 2020, dispersed unevenly across the country. English, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), has become increasingly studied in recent years. Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994) "Events in 1945". 3, "Through Chaos to a New Order", in, Sanda Simms, ch. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 Khmer troops, conquered many Lao principalities in the Mekong river basin, culminating in the capture of Vientiane. Archaeological evidence suggests an agriculturi [79], In 1993, Vue Mai, a former Hmong soldier and leader of the largest Hmong refugee camp in Thailand, who had been recruited by the USEmbassy in Bangkok to return to Laos as proof of the repatriation programme's success, disappeared in Vientiane. [47][51] The royalists set up a government in exile in the United States. The Kingdom of Laosball was an Indochinese state prior to the foundation of Lao People's Democratic Republicball. )imports: 1.345 billion kWh (2019 est. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. Laos has retained its official commitment to communism and maintains close ties with its two communist neighbors, Vietnam and China, both of which continue to exert substantial political and economic influence on the country. Laos was then dependent on military and economic aid from the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. ), number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 12annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,251,961 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1.53 million (2018) mt-km, total: 82,438 to 3,047 m: 31,524 to 2,437 m: 4914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2021), total: 331,524 to 2,437 m: 2914 to 1,523 m: 9under 914 m: 22 (2021), total: 39,586 km (2009)paved: 5,415 km (2009)unpaved: 34,171 km (2009), 4,600 km (2012) (primarily on the Mekong River and its tributaries; 2,900 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m), Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF): Lao People's Army (LPA, includes Riverine Force), Air Force, Self-Defense Militia Forces (2022), 0.2% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $100 million)0.2% of GDP (2016 est.) Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. [122] Rice dominates agriculture, with about 80% of the arable land area used for growing rice. Lao PDR: How to Attract More Investment in Small-Scale Renewable Energy? In 2009, despite the fact that the government is still officially communist, the Obama administration in the US declared Laos was no longer a MarxistLeninist state and lifted bans on Laotian companies receiving financing from the US Export-Import Bank.[117][118]. [64] A new province, Xaisomboun province, was established on 13 December 2013. Subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. ), kips (LAK) per US dollar -9,697.916 (2021 est. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 37.871 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. A major breakthrough occurred in December 2021, when the 414-km long standard-gauge BotenVientiane railway that runs from the capital Vientiane to Boten at the northern border with China, built as part of China's Belt and Road Initiative, was opened. Laos's strategies for development are based on generating electricity from rivers and selling the power to its neighbours, namely Thailand, China and Vietnam, as well as its initiative to become a "land-linked" nation, as evidenced by the construction of four new railways connecting Laos and neighbours. The Lao Royals are now based in France, where they work to achieve a change of government in Laos. note: data are in current year dollars$6.985 billion (2019 est. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. Now the Lao People's Democratic Republic . It is produced by the Lao Brewery Company. Kingdom of Laos + Add translation Add Kingdom of Laos "Kingdom of Laos" in English - Finnish dictionary. As a low-income country, Laos faces a brain-drain problem as many educated people migrate to developed countries. )imports: 18,000 metric tons (2020 est. )58.4% of GDP (2016 est. With one-party state status of Laos, the General Secretary (party leader) holds ultimate power and authority over state and government and serves as the supreme leader. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. [110][111], Human rights advocates including Vang Pobzeb, Kerry and Kay Danes, and others have also raised concerns about human rights violations, torture, the arrest and detention of political prisoners as well as the detention of foreign prisoners in Laos including at the infamous Phonthong Prison in Vientiane. )0.5% (2020 est. )from petroleum and other liquids: 2.855 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Lao Theung constitute about 30% of the population. WebU.S. US Representative Steve Gunderson, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that. [98][99] Prominent civil society advocates, human rights defenders, political and religious dissidents, and Hmong refugees have disappeared at the hands of Lao military and security forces. )8,401.335 (2018 est. Agriculture, dominated by rice cultivation in lowland areas, accounts for about 20% of GDP and 73% of total employment. Th loi: Chin Tranh, Phiu Lu. [49] Due to the particularly heavy impact of cluster bombs during this war, Laos was a strong advocate of the Convention on Cluster Munitions to ban the weapons and was host to the First Meeting of States Parties to the convention in November 2010. [131] In 2019, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights conducted an official visit to Laos and found that the country's top-down approach to economic growth and poverty alleviation "is all too often counterproductive, leading to impoverishment and jeopardising the rights of the poor and marginalised. For example, Laotian music is dominated by its national musical instrument, the khaen, a type of bamboo mouth organ that has prehistoric origins. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. [19] In English, the 's' is pronounced, and not silent. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings Challenges and Methods", Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). [56], On 3 December 2021, the 422-kilometre Boten-Vientiane railway, a flagship of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was opened. French is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of La Francophonie. [54][55], The conflict between Hmong rebels and Laos continued in key areas of Laos, including in Saysaboune Closed Military Zone, Xaisamboune Closed Military Zone near Vientiane Province and Xiangkhouang Province. [138] Two new lines connecting with Vietnam, namely the VientianeVng ng and SavannakhetLao Bao railways, are also under planning, in line to meet the Laotian government's vision of becoming a land-linked nation. The remainder, particularly in rural areas, speak ethnic minority languages. [181], Association football is the most popular sport in Laos. )carbon dioxide emissions: 17.76 megatons (2016 est. Usually called Laos. [57], Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, and it lies mostly between latitudes 14 and 23N (a small area is south of 14), and longitudes 100 and 108E. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. ), total dependency ratio: 54.7youth dependency ratio: 48elderly dependency ratio: 6.7potential support ratio: 14.8 (2021 est. Laos (/los/ (listen)[9][d]), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao: , French: Rpublique dmocratique populaire lao), is a socialist state and the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. )refined petroleum consumption: 19,300 bbl/day (2019 est. WebKingdom of Laos - Etsy Check out our kingdom of laos selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. ), household consumption: 63.7% (2017 est. [175] Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 56 (2020 est. His reign is often regarded as Laos's golden age. More than half of the nation's population is ethnic Laothe principal lowland inhabitants, and the politically and culturally dominant people of Laos. ), $446.572 million (2021 est. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est. ), unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; water pollution, most of the population does not have access to potable water, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements, particulate matter emissions: 24.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. This sector has made significant contributions to the economic condition of Laos. The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. Influences: 12 Oct. 1945 - 24 Apr. [150] Languages like Khmu (Austroasiatic) and Hmong (Hmong-Mien) are spoken by minorities, particularly in the midland and highland areas. [71] In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit. According to the USCommittee for Refugees, he was arrested by Lao security forces and was never seen again. Laos held the chairmanship of ASEAN in 2016. There are two plateaux, the Xiangkhoang in the north and the Bolaven Plateau at the southern end. [70] Laos was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in July 1997 and acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2016. [13] After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke into three separate kingdoms: Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak. )consumption: 15.823 million metric tons (2020 est. )$7,800 (2020 est. ::", "Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country", "Human Development Report 2009. [124] Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. [80] Following the Vue Mai incident, debate over the Hmong's planned repatriation to Laos intensified greatly, especially in the United States, where it drew strong opposition from many American conservatives and some human rights advocates. [38] France rescued King Oun Kham and added Luang Phrabang to the protectorate of French Indochina. Lao / Laos, Kingdom, 100 Kip, ND (1974), P-16, UNC . By submitting this form, I am giving express written consent to receive emails, text messages, OTT app messages (e.g., WhatsApp messages), and/or telephone calls including mobile from or on behalf of Academy of Art University at the phone number (s) I provided using automated technology. ), $14.9 billion (31 December 2017 est. ), fossil fuels: 35.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [114][115][116], The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Picture Information. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. [89], The European Union,[90] UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation. [178] Polygamy, however, is still customary among some Hmong people. Between 1995 and 2008 approximately 1,232,900 more people had access to improved sanitation in rural areas. [citation needed], On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under Kaysone Phomvihane renamed the country as the Lao People's Democratic Republic and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. "Effects of AFTA on poverty: Evidence from Laos. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that monogamy is the principal form of marriage in the country. [133], The tourism sector has grown rapidly, from 80,000 international visitors in 1990, to 1.876million in 2010,[134] when tourism had been expected to rise to US$1.5857billion by 2020. (approximately $110 million)0.2% of GDP (2017 est.) [citation needed], Massive aerial bombardments against the PAVN/Pathet Lao forces were carried out by the United States to prevent the collapse of the Kingdom of Laos central government, and to deny the use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail to attack US forces in South Vietnam. Total subscriptions: 4.1 million ( 2020 est.: 37.871 million metric of... Season from November to April of La Francophonie into three separate kingdoms: Luang Phrabang Vientiane! A New Order '', Diller, Anthony ; Edmondson, Jerry ; Luo, Yongxian ( )... Rice varieties in the case of Boten, Laos agreed to a New,! The most popular sport in Laos decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986 remaining were! $ 14.9 billion ( 31 December 2017 est.: 48elderly dependency ratio 14.8... About the forced repatriation were denied, [ 90 ] UNHCHR, and groups... And 73 % of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ), total petroleum production: 0 (. 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